Тема Распознавание значений слов по контексту
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T-shirts first appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. In the early 1900s, they were worn by sailors in the American navy under their uniform. Over the next decades more people began to wear them, but it was Hollywood that made the T-shirt such a popular thing to wear. In 1951, film audiences were shocked and impressed by the sight of Marlon Brando’s muscles under his tight white T-shirt in A Streetcar Named Desire. Then, when James Dean wore a T-shirt in the 1955 film Rebel without a Cause, T-shirts suddenly became cool. Young people across America started wearing T-shirts as a symbol of their own rebellious feelings - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
Thank you very much for the choice of our company’s product. Our company products high class leather shoes series use the top material and by the great master, serious to study and research design to succeed. If, any customer found the product is bad, can repair and replace in our factory by entrust the locality agent - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
The Internet originated in the early 1970s when the United States wanted to make sure that people could communicate after a nuclear war. This needed a free and independent communication network without a centre and it led to a network of computers that could send each other e-mail through cyberspace - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Madame Tussaud’s is the most popular and talked about wax museum in the world. There are wax models of the famous and infamous, both living and dead, from every walk of life. David Beckham, Madonna, Elvis Presley, the Beatles, Charlie Chaplin, Jack the Ripper … There is no other place where you can see all celebrities at once, even if they are only wax figures.
The wax figures are standing and sitting, and sometimes even moving and talking. Computer-controlled figures (they are called audio-animatronics) are especially popular with the visitors.
There are several halls at Madame Tussaud’s. Highlights include the Grand Hall, the Chamber of Horrors and ‘The Spirit of London’ exhibition - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Directories use an indexing strategy that makes them distinct from other search tools. They use real live people to search the Web, and to review and categorise the sites by topic. This reduces some of the aggravations that frequently plague the researcher, such as duplication of listings, broken links and out-of-date information. A perfect choice when you have very little idea what is out there, directories are set up to satisfy expert and inexperienced users alike. This is why Yahoo!, one of the pioneer directory sites, is consistently ranked number one in Internet polls - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The Courts of Appeals were organized to relieve the Supreme Court of pressure resulting from accumulation of appellate cases. In general these courts have final jurisdiction over the great mass of litigation not involving constitutional questions. For example, parties from different states have their case heard in a high Federal Court without going to the Supreme Court. A United States Court of Appeals generally comprises three judges. (The Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court are authorized to assign additional circuit court judges to such courts as may need them).
A Court of Appeals accepts the facts sent up to it by the lower courts, and therefore does not need a jury. Its work is to decide on disputed questions of law. As a rule the Court of Appeals sits with three judges together on the bench. This court’s principal duty is to protect the Supreme Court from routine cases of no political importance. Its decision may be so clear and well grounded that the Supreme Court will refuse to go into the question further, in which case the Court of Appeals has stated the supreme law of the land, at least for the exact circumstances of that case - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
It is important to know how to introduce people correctly. Remember the following:
- men are introduced to women;
- young people - to old people;
- married people - to single people;
- people in lower position to people in higher position.
Usually people shake hands when they are introduced to each other. But some women don't do it. If you are introduced to a woman wait and see whether she will hold out a hand for a handshake. If no, just greet her - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of topics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of informational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are connected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Today railway transport is quiet different than in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands of wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and the use of diesel traction was begun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
From Physics, we know that for every action there is an opposite reaction. Modern rockets have liquid fuel and something to help it burn (an oxidizer). This makes a powerful exhaust through the back of the rocket and pushes the rocket up - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
American society seems to be much more informal than the British and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as “Major” or “General” or “Doctor”. The respectful “Sir” is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.
However, it is best to use a person’s title when first meeting him/her, and then allow the person to tell you how he/she wishes to be called - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Using upper case letters (capital letters) in a keyword search will only retrieve documents that use upper case. Typing in lower case (no capitals) is usually better because search engines will retrieve documents that use both upper case and lower case letters - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
In the early days web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML text files stored on a web server. More recently, websites are more often created using content management system (CMS) or wiki software with, initially, very little content. Contributors to these systems, who may be paid staff, members of a club or other organization or members of the public, fill underlying databases with content using editing pages designed for that purpose, while casual visitors view and read this content in its final HTML form. There may or may not be editorial, approval and security systems built into the process of taking newly entered content and making it available to the target visitors - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The combinations of two or more different materials are called composite materials. They usually have unique mechanical and physical properties because they combine the best properties of different materials. For example, a fibre-glass reinforced plastic combines the high strength of thin glass fibres with the ductility and chemical resistance of plastic. Nowadays composites are being used for structures such as bridges, boat-building etc - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого словосочетания.
Zinc is a mineral needed for fetal growth and development. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.
Iron builds maternal blood volume and fetal blood and muscle. Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, especially liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
If sugar is dissolved in water and the ultimate sugar particle is of molecular dimensions, then a true solution is formed. On the other hand, if very fine sand is mixed with water, consisting of many molecules, then a colloidal solution is formed.
From the pharmaceutical point of view solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance.
The extent of solubility of different substances varies, but it has a constant value at constant temperature - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.
Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Charles Makintosh was a chemist by profession. He worked in textile industry and in 1823 he developed a rubber solution used for raincoat production. Raincoats with this rubber solution didn’t allow water to penetrate. These raincoats were called makintoshes and people use them in rainy weather - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
As the old story shows, people have always thought the wind was angry and destructive while the sun was warm and life-giving. And everyone knows that the wind and the sun are very powerful.
In 1934, the wind blew at 372 kilometres per hour in New Hampshire in the USA. In 1958, a powerful wind called a tornado, in Texas, USA, blew at 451 kilometres per hour.
The temperature in the centre of the sun is about 15,400,000 degrees Celsius. It burns 4,400,000 tonnes of hydrogen every second. The light from the sun is so powerful that it gives life to planet Earth - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Finishing school is the beginning of the independent life for millions of school-leavers. Many roads are opened before them: vocational and technical schools, institutes and universities. But it is not an easy thing to choose a profession out of more than 2,000 existing in the world. Some pupils follow the advice of their parents, others can’t decide even after leaving school - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Iron does not always behave like a magnet and this is because its atoms are usually disorganized. A needle, for example, that contains iron is not a magnet but when you rub the needle with a magnet, its atoms line up and the needle becomes a magnet. The needle can then attract other metals. This property of some substances to attract metals is called magnetism - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Hypatia of Alexandria. Hypatia lived in Alexandria, Egypt from about AD 370 to AD 415. She was well-known for explaining difficult ideas very clearly and simply. Her work in geometry - the mathematics of shapes - helped mathematicians who lived much later to understand the movements of the planets in space. This may help people get to Mars one day! - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
At college the student will eventually specialize in one area of study such as Mathematics, Science, History, Literature, Theology, Computer or a Foreign Language. At the end of four years of studying he or she will earn a Bachelor degree. The student who wants to continue his (her) education after college may work to earn a Master’s or doctoral degree - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
The inferior courts in the federal system have somewhat less political importance, since their principal duty is to settle routine cases where no constitutional question is at stake. At the ground level are the District Courts with about two hundred district judges scattered over the United States. These courts handle both civil and criminal cases that come under the jurisdiction of the Federal laws. By the Constitution they are required to give a jury trial in all except civil cases involving less than twenty dollars.
The District Courts have original jurisdiction in nearly all cases. That is they collect the facts. The district court is the only Federal court where trials are held, juries are used, and witnesses are called. Criminal cases are tried by a judge sitting with a jury whose duty is to hear the evidence, the speeches of prosecuting and defending counsel, the remarks of the judge and reach a unanimous decision as to whether the accused is guilty or not of the crime he is charged with - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Building construction has its own history, which is marked by a number of trends. Let’s describe some of them. One of these trends is increasing durability of the materials. The first building materials were perishable. We mention leaves, branches and animal hides. Later people began to use more durable natural materials such as clay, stone, timber. Finally, synthetic materials such as bricks, concrete, metals, plastics were used in building - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
Your computer will use your normal telephone line to transport data while you are connected. There is no need to have a second line installed, though there are some obvious disadvantages to having only one line. The size of your telephone line can also seriously affect the quality and speed of your access. A couple of alternatives to the traditional telephone connection are described in Chapter 4 in the section on access speeds - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
There are no distinctions between different types of universities in Britain. But still there are some categories of them. First of all, Oxbridge, Oxford and Cambridge were founded in the medieval period. These universities consist of semi-independent colleges, each of them having its own staff (“Fellows”). The “Fellows” teach the college students either one-to-one or in very small group - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
When young people choose the profession of a teacher, it is always necessary to bear in mind that teaching is a very difficult job. It implies great responsibility and a lot of activities of different kind both in class and at home. There are always a lot of copybooks to be corrected, plans to be written, and problems to be discussed. In fact, there are no days off for a teacher: he or she is constantly occupied with thoughts about school, lessons and pupils. This is why it is often said that teacher’s job is very specific - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
Modern large agricultural implements, adapted to large-scale farming methods, are usually powered by diesel- or petrol-fuelled internal-combustion engines. The most important implement of modern agriculture is the tractor. It provides locomotion for many other implements and can furnish power, via its power shaft, for the operation of machines drawn behind the tractor. The power shafts of tractors can also be set up to drive belts that operate equipment such as feed grinders, pumps, and electric-power generators. Small implements, such as portable irrigators, may be powered by individual motors - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
There are many web browsers, but the two most popular are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. They are both freeware, meaning that they are software programs distributed free of charge. You should receive at least one of these programs bundled into the connection package from your ISP. If not, you will find browsers are often included on the CD-ROMs accompanying computer magazines and books - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
In many parts of the United States distances are so great that automobiles are necessities, not luxuries. Most American farmers do not live in villages but are sometimes kilometers from their nearest neighbor and even hundreds of kilometers from a town. Large-scale farming is common in the United States everywhere, but it did not become profitable until there were trucks and tractors. Trucks carry the farmers’ grain to storage elevators, milk to creameries and vegetable to market. Trucks and cars go wherever there is a road and the more than 6 million kilometers of roads in the country bring every farm into the circle of civilization - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
- Do you remember your first pair of trainers?
- Yeah, they were Adidas Superstars, I really liked them and wore them every day.
- Where do you shop the trainers?
- Hype Shoes, mostly. That’s the best shop for trainers in London (where I live). I like shopping there because I know the owner - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
However, the materials that helped him most to develop were the metals. Their characteristics of the strength coupled with the ease with which they can be shaped made metals of vital importance in the technology of the past. The exploitation of other properties, such as electrical and thermal conductivity, made it possible to develop high technologies appropriate to the fields of space travel, communications and nuclear engineering - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
There are two kinds of resume: employment and academic. The employment resume is typically shorter. Academic resume generally includes several additional sections such as:
– Conferences, seminars attended
– Publications
– Professional affiliations
The academic resume is used when applying to research bodies international or educational organizations, NGOs (nongovernmental organizations), etc.
The resume, as a standard summary of information, may be photocopied and sent off to many employers, changing sections of the contents according to the different needs, of the organizations contacted - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Victor had recently arrived in the United States, and he did not completely understand the need for appointment. He thought his friend was exaggerating.
One day he went to an employment agency. This agency specialized in placing people according to their qualifications. Victor wanted to start working as soon as possible so that he could afford his own apartment - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
Finding a good job is never easy at the best of times. In times of high unemployment, with more and more people chasing fewer and fewer jobs, it becomes even more difficult.
Qualification and skills can make all the difference. The better yours are, the less difficult you will have in finding a job.
If you need to improve your skills, find out about training courses in your area. If there aren’t many jobs in your area, it is worth considering the possibility of moving.
You may not want to leave your friends and family, but choosing to live in a location where there is work may be the best solution.
And remember: the more application forms you fill in, the more your chances of being called for an interview increase - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture – “convenience, strength and beauty”. The sequence of these three basic aims – “convenience, strength and beauty” – has its own significance. These three factors are always present and are always interrelated in the best structures. It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Pharmacy is the science which treats of medical substances. It deals with medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but their combination, analysis and standardization.
The word “pharmacy” is also used to define the place where medicines are compounded, dispensed and sold. The word “pharmacist” is conferred upon a person who demonstrates that he is scientifically and professionally capable to engage in the practice of pharmacy - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
We shall be changed by the Genetic Revolution. Within a few years scientists will know that each of the many different genes does, and they will be able to change them in different ways. They will be able to make us taller, or shorter, have blue eyes or brown, and never have certain diseases - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
The structure of job opportunities ads is usually the same: the name of the vacant position, the list of the candidate’s professional duties, the demands made of the candidate, and the system of compensations and benefits. Ads are often published by employment agencies on behalf of their clients. The address of the office is usually not given – it is suggested that the resume should be sent to a P.O. box or else faxed - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления
Independent and preparatory schools are private schools too. They prepare pupils for public schools for money. The teachers of the private schools pay personal attention to each pupil. It is possible to enter the best English universities after leaving public schools. After finishing grammar school pupils have good knowledge and may continue to study in colleges or universities - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова.
The Arabic system of numerical notation is used in most parts of the world today. This system was first developed in India in the 3rd century BC. At that time the numerals 1, 4, and 6 were written in the same form as today.
The important innovation in the Arabic system was the use of positional notation, in which individual number symbols assume different values according to their position in the written numeral. Positional notation is made possible by the use of a symbol for zero. The symbol 0 makes it possible to differentiate between 11, 101, and 1,001 without the use of additional symbols, and all numbers can be expressed in terms of ten symbols, the numerals from 1 to 9 plus 0. Positional notation also greatly simplifies all forms of written numerical calculation - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
When carrying out searches in the Internet, you should usually be specific and brief in your choice of words. If the keyword is too general, or includes too many different meanings, the results listing may not be useful. Different search engines categorize information in different ways, which changes the way they store and retrieve it - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
One of the most difficult problems a young person faces is deciding what to do about a career. There are individuals, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
People do not usually come to Washington D.C. to go shopping. They come for its history, or to see its beautiful buildings. But there are many good places to go shopping and to eat. And some of them were once something very different.
You can buy everything from ice-cream to Indian food at the Old Post Office, at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, and there are forty-three shops to look round after you finish eating - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Psychologists think that we have ‘central personality traits’. These affect how we behave, and how we react to people and situations. Examples of central personality traits are friendliness, neatness, competitiveness, shyness and optimism. This means that generally a person will be friendly or shy, neat or untidy, optimistic or pessimistic in different situations. Some psychologists think that we are born with these central traits and that usually they stay with us all our life - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения
In the pledge, the pledgee must treat the property with reasonable care. The property may be repledged to a third party on terms which do not impair the debtor’s right to get the property back. In the event of default by the pledger, the pledgee may sell the property after proper notice to the pledger. The pledgee has the right to make either a public or a private sale. However, the pledgee must act in good faith and in a manner, which is commercially reasonable. If the amount received, after the deduction of expenses and interest, is more than the amount of the debt, the excess must be paid to the pledger. If the amount is less, the difference still must be paid by the pledger. Upon performance of the obligation, the pledger has a right to the return of the property - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого выражения.
In the United States, the judiciary (which is a collective term for courts and judges) is divided into the national (federal) and state judiciary. Each is independent of the other with the exception that the United States Supreme Court may, under special circumstances involving federal questions, review a state court decision. Jurisdiction of particular courts of judges is determined by either the national or state constitutions and laws.
The states all have their own courts: a Supreme Court, superior courts, local courts. Some states have courts of small claims - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого грамматического явления.
A resume, sometimes called a Curriculum Vitae or CV, is a summary of your career history, the skills and experiences you have gained during the course of it.
A good resume should:
– attract attention
– create a positive impression
– present your skills and qualities clearly and concisely
The purpose of the resume is to tell an employer why you should be hired. Consider it as your personal marketing instrument. A good resume will help you to open the door to a job interview - Прочитайте текст и найдите соответствующий перевод подчеркнутого слова
Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following – it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays